| Heinrich Bongartz | |
|---|---|
| Born | 31 January 1892 Walsum, Rhineland |
| Died | 23 January 1946 (aged 53) Rheinberg, Rhineland |
| Allegiance | Germany |
| Service/branch | Luftstreitkräfte (Air Service) |
| Years of service | 1914–1918, ca. 1938–1945 |
| Rank | Leutnant (Lieutenant) |
| Unit | FA 5 Jasta 36 Kasta 27 |
| Commands held | Jagdstaffel 36 |
| Awards | Pour le Mérite, Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross First and Second Class |
| Other work | Night fighter commander in World War II |
Heinrich Bongartz Pour le Merite, Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross, (31 January 1892 – 23 January 1946) was a German World War I fighter pilot and flying ace credited with 33 confirmed victories and one unconfirmed.[1] He also served as a night fighter commander in World War II.[2]
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Heinrich Bongartz was born in Walsum, Rhineland (today the northern district of Duisburg). In civilian life, Bongartz was a schoolteacher.[1] He came to the German air service after enlisting in the 16th Infantry Regiment in August 1914 and seeing action near Verdun. He transferred to the Luftstreitkräfte in early 1915, to pilot training with FA 5 and was commissioned a Leutnant in March, 1916. Upon graduation in October, he was posted to a reconnaissance unit, KG 5. From there, he had a short lived tour with Kasta 27 before he was assigned to flying fighters in Jasta 36 in April 1917.[3]
His initial success as a fighter pilot came during Bloody April, so called such because of the severe losses suffered by the Royal Flying Corps. Bongartz contributed to the British bloodshed by claiming four victories during April; he became an ace on 2 May.[1]
His third, fourth, and sixth through eighth solo victories came over balloons, and the remainder of his victories were over aircraft. He accrued victims at a steady rate when he scored, with a triple kill day on 31 October, and three days on which he shot doubles.[1]
On 12 July, he shot down number 11, although on 13 July 1917 he was wounded for the first time, the first of five wounds he would receive during the war.[3] Possibly because of this wound, he did not score again until 26 September.[1]
In September, 1917, he succeeded to command of Jasta 36. In December, he was personally awarded the Pour le Mérite by Kaiser Wilhelm II.[4][5]
In October, he scored eight times, raising his count to 20. In November, he was wounded again, but still managed to down another five enemy aircraft, with one more unconfirmed.[1]
With two victories in December, one in January, and two on 5 February, he had run his total to 30.[1]
His final victories came on 27 March. On 30 March 1918, he was downed by anti-aircraft fire. He was injured, and his plane was damaged.[6]
On 25 April 1918 he was wounded yet again. Nevertheless, on the 29th, he took on several Royal Air Force planes of No. 74 Squadron single-handed. Bongartz had none other than Captain Mick Mannock on his tail, while Captain C.B. Glynn made a head-on firing pass at the German ace.[6]
Among the bullets that riddled his Fokker Dr.1 was one which hit him in the left temple, took out his left eye, and stuck in his nose, obstructing his breathing. He spun almost to the ground before mastering his pain and regaining control. Despite excruciating pain and semiconsciousness, he managed a crash landing near Kemmel Hill, but flipped his plane over. He crawled from under it and still had the presence of mind to check his aircraft's damage and to bow an introduction to his rescuers and introduce himself. One German infantryman rescuer noted the grotesquerie of the eyeball dangling down Bongartz's cheek during the bow. He commented about his wound, "Yes, yes, we all take our turn."[6]
It was the end of the war for both Bongartz and his plane. His partial blinding and loss of depth perception, ended Bongartz's war but not his aviation career.[7] The airplane, so badly shot about that it had 28 bullet holes in the cowling alone, was scrapped.
After he recovered from his wound, he became the commander of the Aircraft Test Center at Aldershof. While serving as test pilot there, he wrote a report on the Dornier Zeppelin D.I fighter prototype, which was the first plane to use a stressed skin/torsion box structure. Bongartz's estimate of it was, "Doesn't possess characteristics of a modern fighter. Ailerons too heavy." Nevertheless, the engineering originated by Junkers is still in use today.[8]
Once the war ended, he served as a postwar Director of the German Aeroplane Inspectorate. After helping deactivate the air service in which he had served so gallantly, he went on to fight against the Spartakists who were attempting to overthrow the German government. The leg wound he suffered in this fight finally ended his military career.[1]
In January, 1921, he crashed while flying an exhibition flight, and was injured once more, but did not let it stop him from flying.[3]
Later in life, he became the Director of German Air Trade. His book, Luftmacht Deutschland was a bestseller in 1939.[9]
During World War II, he originally served as an Oberstleutnant in supply during 1941 to 1942 at Pleskau on the Eastern Front.[3] 1943 found him as a night fighter commander at Grove in Denmark.[2] In 1944, he transferred to command of night fighter efforts in Finland. He transferred once more, and served through war's end.[3]
He survived World War II, only to die of a heart attack on 23 January 1946.[10]
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